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Sepsis is a serious illness brought about by an infection that has reached the blood stream and/or the body tissues. It is a general term that covers more specific terms like septicemia, bacteremia, viremia, fungemia, sepsis neonatorum, etc. Sepsis is described as the inflammation of the whole body secondary to a systemic immune response to a pathogen.

Pathogenic microorganisms that cause sepsis are fungi, viruses, parasites or bacteria. It may arise from untreated infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infection. People vulnerable to sepsis are those with weak immune system. Among these individuals are the neonates, elderly and the immunosuppressed – those under steroids, radiation and chemotherapy. Sepsis can be diagnosed through several blood works. Complete blood count focusing on WBC reveals presence of possible infection if there is increased leukocyte count. Blood culture may reveal positive bacteria or any microorganism. General tests may include Urinalysis, Stool culture, Sputum exam and Chest radiography.

The signs and symptoms vary depending on the severity of the infection. The host or patient may manifest the following:

• High or low body temperature (Adult normal body temperature: 36.5 – 37.5 degree Celsius)
• Increased heart rate (Adult normal heart rate: 60 – 100 beats per minute)
• Hasty breathing (Adult normal respiratory rate: 16 – 20 breaths per minute)
• High or Low Leukocyte or white blood cells count (Adult normal WBC count: 4,000 – 12,000 cells per cubic mm)
• Significant drop in blood pressure causing dizziness, confusion and even shock
• Skin rash that may be petechial or even cellulitis
• Severe joint pain

A patient with sepsis is most likely admitted for intensive care. Sepsis is treated mainly with antibiotics depending on the microorganism causing the infection. Other treatments given are symptomatic. If patient has trouble breathing and has low oxygen, oxygen is given. For low blood pressure, administer vasopressors. In advanced cases, hemodialysis and blood transfusion are even necessary. If left untreated, sepsis damages vital organs. Injured organs may lead to failure and such condition can be fatal.

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